Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy

Vanadium oxides, especially vanadium pentoxide, have attracted much attention as energy storage battery materials in clean energy because of characteristics such as their variable valence, layered structure, suitable for ion storage and market competitiveness of raw materials with abundant resources and low price. On the basis of introducing the properties of vanadium oxides, this paper reviewed the research status, existing problems and development trend of solid vanadium-based batteries such as vanadium-based lithium ion batteries, vanadium-based sodium ion batteries and vanadium-based zinc ion batteries. At present, vanadium-based battery technology has been significantly improved. Although solid vanadium-based battery technology has not beenused in practical application, it has greatly improved in battery specific capacity, rate capability, energy efficiency and cycle stability.